Production Of Sub–immersion—sub-internationalization Character Through African American Studies
Author: robert | Posted: 21.09.2008Abstract
" race" is a misleading word seeing there is no" rush "that is calm of biologically clean individuals because of the creature migration and the interracial births. Also different ethnicities don `t have clean humanity because people using different ethnicities public and cohabit cultural heritage. And still these two (race and ethnicity) are different seeing one is considered biological and the other is considered cultural but the two sometimes go hand in hand like when we face to" identity "and "racism" .
This belief of racism that one racial group is better or poorer to another , is a stereotype. Stereotypes are n` t solely harmful but also assenting and they are n `t solely regarding out-groups but also regarding in-group. Also the feedbacks of one in-group or minorities to the others` stereotypes sometimes can basis to strengthen and buttress stereotypes.
According to this accost, In this part I try to elucidate that still one of the foremost aim of establishing African American studies is to challenge racism and racial discrimination , but as its courses and program show, they (scholars) have accepted stereotypes of out –group regarding themselves and they think in "blackness" as a "race" because they have overly separated their humanity from American humanity and unseen acculturation between African American humanity and American humanity .
Thus this ignoring is a judgment to out-group stereotypes and it itself is an in-group stereotype which block African Americans to make a internationalization-commitment identity but a sub-immersion— sub-internationalization identity.
Black Racial Identity
"They are all like that", it is a civic idiom when we lean to classify people who are n `t in our in -group. ( out-group homogeneity theory).
But why and how do we classify people? ( I will examine this announce in another essay)
And most important than this doubt is that who are "we" that lean to retreat "we" from "others"?
As I will examine this announce in this essay in the rationale of African American studies:
First African Americans accept themselves as "we" , so they think in black racial identity
Second still one of the aim of African American studies is to challenge racial discrimination and racism , but as courses show ,it represents the racial scene of African Americans ( still scholars)
Third African American studies strengthen the racial scene and blackness as a rush.
As Cross( Bobo,2004) described , black racial identity development has five stages :
1- Preencounter : African American has absorbed many of the beliefs and standards of dominant fair humanity – fair is right , black is wrong
2- encounter: [ ]events armed the individual to acknowledge the bang of racism in one` s life.
3- Immersion: everything of help in life must be black or related to blackness, avoiding of cipher of whiteness
4- Internationalization: establishing meaningful relationship using fair who acknowledge a assenting sagacity of racial identity
5- Internationalization-Commitment: translating kept sagacity of blackness into a common sagacity of commitment
But African American studies seems to lessen rather to third stage- raptness footstep - that I right it strengthens a new kind of identity which I call it " sub- raptness –sub- internationalization".
Concept Of Stereotype
According to stereotypes scheme when we mutation the stereotypes, we do in one of three ways:
1- book retention model: adjusting the stereotypes to adapt to the new information
2- conversion model: throwing elsewhere the old stereotype and father again
3- subtyping model: creating a new stereotype that is a sub- classification of the boundless stereotype
but I `d like to add another way of shifting the stereotypes about to given new kind of African American identity ; sub immersion- sub internationalization:
4- mixing ideal : retention old stereotype ,adding new information
We not solely craft stereotypes regarding others but regarding ourselves. As it is evident in the rationale of African American Studies , they keep the sagacity of blackness and add internationalization ,but not blackness nor internationalization mutation apiece other .
I examine my hypothesis in four universities and college: Boston University,Yale University ,University of Visconssin–Madison and Bates sequence.(although their courses are n `t the same but they are very similar)
At first the courses look to be neutral :
AFRICAN AMERICAN relating FROM THE BEGINNINGS TO EMANCIPATION,
AFRICAN SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS,
THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA, 1845 – 1877,
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE,
AFRICAN AMERICAN POLITICS,
FREEDOM AND identity IN BLACK CULTURES,
MEMORY/IDENTITY IN THE BLACK U.S,
MICROCOSM OF BLACK CREATIVITY,
CULTURAL POLITICS
GENDER,RACE,AND SCIENCE
AFRICAN AMERICAN CINEMA,
MINORITY IN HOLLYWOOD discharge,
AFRICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE,
AFRICAN AMERICAN common song,
JAZZ IN TRANSITION, 1960 – 1980,
JAZZ AND discharge,
TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICAN AMERICAN POETRY,
THE AFRICAN AMERICAN NOVEL
BLACK lady IN song,
TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICAN DANCE .
CARIBBEAN LIVES: PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASPECTS,
FIELD METHODS IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY,
THEORY AND approach IN AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES
…
…
…
But let to examine the description of some courses:
White redemption: cinema and the co-optation of African American history:
Since its origins in the early twentieth century, discharge has debated how to deputize black anguish,.this course examines one nation of that debate: the persistent themes of fair goodness ,credulity , and blamelessness in films that are reputedly regarding black relating and humanity .historical and cultural topics examined in discharge enter the enslavement of Africans , reconstruction , and the civil rights journey .particular detect is given to films in the Interracial male- ally genre.
RACE AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA:
An examination of the relating of rush and medicine in the United States, primarily but not exclusively alert on African Americans’ encounters using the model rush logic. Topics enter slavery and health; doctors, immigrants, and epidemics; the Tuskegee Syphilis examine and the use of minorities as examine subjects; and rush and genetic disease.
As we see " AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES" ignores interaction between African American humanity and American humanity.
Interaction Models & Crosscultural Models
If we logic categories of black racial identity development to interaction models and crosscultural models( Nishida,1999) and then evaluate and ascertain regarding African Ameriacn Studies according to this ,will find out a new fact:
1- Genocide ideal , segregation ideal, adaptaion ideal and assimilation model
with preencounter identity
2- resistance using collect and raptness identity
3- acculturation ideal and pluralism ideal using internationalization and inter
nationalization –commitment identity
Now we will find out that African American Studies has unseen commerce using cultural interactions and acculturation in this discipline and its courses . There is no courses regarding multiculturalism , interactions between African humanity and American humanity ,and regarding effects of American humanity on African humanity.
So identity in this discipline instead of departing to internationalization –commitment identity footstep, reverts and recedes to raptness footstep and reproducing resistance interactions .
Thus this discipline produces a new kind of identity which I called it "sub raptness –sub internationalization" identity .
Conclusion :
As explained ,one of the most important aim of establishing African American Studies had been departing before to the footstep of internationalization-commitment identity through pluralism (interaction model) and about to acculturation (crosscultural model), but because of a misleading mutation of out-group `stereotypes ,it causes to lessen rather to the raptness identity footstep.
According to a new letters of shifting stereotype which I called it "addition model' ,African Americans (scholars) kept the old sagacity of blackness (as a race) and add internationalization to it.
This caused a new but colossal letters of identity which is not an raptness identity nor an internationalization-commitment identity ; but sub-immersion—sub-internationalization identity.
So this discipline instead of developing internationalization – commitment identity , strengthens the racial scene and blackness as a rush .
But herein there is one important question:
Since this course occurs in academy ,what is its control in humanity ?Its answer can be explained in another essay.
Notes:
1- Four ideal of interaction amid racial and ethnic categories;
Pluralism: Pluralism is a nation in which racial and ethnic minorities are
distinct but have communal parity. Pluralism is the goal of our society's recent
trend regarding multiculturalism
Assimilation : Assimilation is the course by which minorities gradually
adopt patterns of the dominant humanity.
Segregation : Segregation refers to the mean and communal separation of
categories of people. awaiting the early 1960's, the Jim bragging laws formally
segregated hotels, restaurants, parks, buses and even drinking fountains
Genocide... The most brutal form of racism is the genocide which is the
systematic annihilation of one group of people by another
2- crosscultural models:
Adaptation: course of mutation over time that take place inside individuals
who have complete their important socialization course in one humanity and
then come into continuous
assimulation: it is uni- directional course regarding the assembly humanity and
requires help changes
acculturation:it is a bi-directional course and doesn `t command changes in
values.
References
1-Bobo,J.Hudley,C.Michel,C,2004,THE BLACK STUDIES bookworm,NewYork,Routledge,pp.397-400.
2-Nishida,H,1999,A Cognition accost to Intercultural Communaication Based on plan scheme,Int.J.Intercultural Rel,Vol.23,No.5,p 762
http://www.bates.edu/AAS-courses.xml
http://www.bu.edu/bulletins/und/item13d3.html
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/stereotypes.htm
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/out-group_homogeneity.htm
http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/aas/courses/index.htm
http://www.yale.edu/afamstudies/courselisting.html
Mitra NaeimiCourse: Ethnology of AmericaMA learner of North American StudiesTehran University
Click here to return original format